Certain Antibiotics Increase Bacterial Release of Inflammatory Vesicles, Potentially Worsening Inflammation During Infection

Wed, 15 Apr 2026 08:09:00 +0200

Antibiotics are essential for combating bacterial infections, but new research reveals that some types may unintentionally amplify the body's inflammatory response. Bacterial extracellular vesicles (BEVs) are tiny bubble-like particles released by bacteria, carrying proteins, toxins, and other molecules that interact with the host's immune system. While inflammation helps fight infection, excessive amounts can damage tissues and contribute to severe conditions like sepsis.

In a study using E. coli, researchers tested various antibiotics and found that those targeting the bacterial cell wall—particularly beta-lactams—caused a significant increase in BEV production. In contrast, antibiotics that inhibit protein synthesis or DNA replication triggered far fewer vesicles. This difference appears linked to how bacteria manage stress from cell wall damage, shedding more vesicles as a survival mechanism.

The vesicles can enter the bloodstream, interact with blood vessel cells, and heighten i